Suitability For Irrigation Purposes Research Articles

Hydrochemistry and Irrigation Quality of High-Altitude Lakes: A Case Study of the Ramaroshan Lake Complex, Nepal Himalayas

The Ramaroshan Lake Complex (RLC) in Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal, is a Himalayan lake cluster that holds significant ecological, economic, religious, and esthetic importance. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the hydrochemical properties of water within the RLC and assess its suitability for irrigation purposes. A total of 38 water samples were collected from seven different lakes of the complex. The physicochemical parameters and major ions were then analyzed. The water samples from the RLC were alkaline, and based on total hardness, they ranged from soft to moderately hard categories. The presence of major ions included the following: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe3+ > NH4+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > PO43−. The alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) dominated the alkali metals (Na+ and K+) and weak acids (HCO3−) dominated the strong acids (Cl− and SO42−). The dominant hydrochemical facies of the lake water was a Ca-HCO3 type indicating a calcium carbonate type of lithology. Carbonate rock weathering was the most dominant process in influencing the hydrochemistry of the water. A high ratio of (Ca2++ Mg2+)/Tz+ and a lower ratio of (Na+ + K+)/Tz+ revealed the dominance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ resulting from carbonate weathering, with little contribution from silicate weathering. Different irrigation indices revealed the suitability of the RLC water for irrigation. The insights derived from this study are pivotal in safeguarding water quality and bolstering sustainability efforts. The study also furnishes foundational data crucial to an array of stakeholders including researchers and policymakers and significantly contributes to advancing water management strategies and fostering ecosystem conservation in the Himalayan freshwater lakes, particularly in the face of the overarching challenge posed by global climate change.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Sewage Water of Bilaspur City for Suitability for Irrigation Purposes

The increasing demand for water due to population growth and globalization has led to sewage or wastewater being used to irrigatecrops. Irrigation with reused water has favorable effects on crops but also poses a threat to the ecosystem, soils, underground water,and human life. This research article presents an analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of sewage water in Bilaspur City todetermine its suitability for irrigation purposes. The study involved collecting and analyzing water samples from ten sampling sites inthe city. Results showed that the water had acceptable pH and salinity (Chloride). However, it has high turbidity, electrical conductivity,and biochemical oxygen demand, indicating poor quality of water. The levels of essential plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus,and potassium, were found to be within the acceptable range for agricultural use. Statistical analysis was performed, and Karl Pearson’scoefficient was determined and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The study concludes that the sewage water in Bilaspurcity may be suitable for irrigation purposes after appropriate treatment and management. This research provides valuable insights forpolicymakers and municipal authorities in promoting sustainable wastewater management practices for agricultural purposes.

Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in artificial lakes in Serbia: health risk indices and suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes

Lakes and reservoirs are the main water resources for household, irrigation, and industrial use. Hence, it is necessary to control water pollution and have reliable information on water quality, which refers to its suitability for a particular purpose. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes from ten artificial lakes on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical methods, whereas the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, ICP-OES, was used to determine the concentrations of 23 macro-, micro-, and trace elements in water. Health risk indices of drinking water and its suitability for irrigation purposes were evaluated. The results of physicochemical parameters, except for total organic matter, indicated that most samples were within the recommended values. Among analyzed elements, the concentration of Mg was elevated in the water of the lakes Srebrno and Prvonek. The results of health risk assessment clearly showed that there was no acute health risk (HQA < 1), whereas long-term risk (HQL) in the studied lakes was observed with respect to As (lakes Grlište and Srebrno), Mn (lakes Srebrno and Prvonek), Ni (Lake Vrutci), and Sr (Lake Grlište). The irrigation criteria indicated that the water from the examined lakes had satisfactory quality for this purpose, except for residual sodium carbonates (RSC). This criterion indicated low quality or unsuitability of the water in 7 lakes. The main outcomes provided valuable information on the suitability of water from the artificial lakes for intended uses.

Application of GIS-based machine learning algorithms for prediction of irrigational groundwater quality indices

Agriculture is considered one of the primary elements for socioeconomic stability in most parts of Sudan. Consequently, the irrigation water should be properly managed to achieve sustainable crop yield and soil fertility. This research aims to predict the irrigation indices of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), permeability index (PI), and potential salinity (PS) using innovative machine learning (ML) techniques, including K-nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). Thirty-seven groundwater samples are collected and analyzed for twelve physiochemical parameters (TDS, pH, EC, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, HCO3−, Cl, SO4−2, and NO3−) to assess the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and its suitability for irrigation purposes. The primary investigation indicated that the samples are dominated by Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 water types resulted from groundwater recharge and ion exchange reactions. The observed irrigation indices of SAR, Na%, PI, and PS showed average values of 7, 42.5%, 64.7%, and 0.5, respectively. The ML modeling is based on the ion’s concentration as input and the observed values of the indices as output. The data is divided into two sets for training (70%) and validation (30%), and the models are validated using a 10-fold cross-validation technique. The models are tested with three statistical criteria, including mean square error (MSE), root means square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (R2). The SVR algorithm showed the best performance in predicting the irrigation indices, with the lowest RMSE value of 1.45 for SAR. The RMSE values for the other indices, Na%, PI, and PS, were 6.70, 7.10, and 0.55, respectively. The models were applied to digital predictive data in the Nile River area of Khartoum state, and the uncertainty of the maps was estimated by running the models 10 times iteratively. The standard deviation maps were generated to assess the model’s sensitivity to the data, and the uncertainty of the model can be used to identify areas where a denser sampling is needed to improve the accuracy of the irrigation indices estimates.

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes and Human Consumption in Saudi Arabia

Studying groundwater quality is crucial for ensuring its safety because it is widely used for drinking and for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Owing to the lack of surface water in the Tabuk area of Saudi Arabia, here groundwater wells are one of the primary sources of water for drinking, agriculture, and industry. Groundwater quality is determined by the aquifer characteristics of the regional geology, and it is extensively influenced by both natural and anthropogenic activities. To understand the geochemical evolution and assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation, major ion geochemistry was utilized to characterize the chemical composition of groundwater in the Tabuk area, which is considered a semiarid plateau region. Depending on its mineral composition, irrigation water’s quality reflects how it affects plants and soil. In total, 80 groundwater samples have been collected and analyzed in laboratory for major cations and anions. Temperature, alkalinity (ALK), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), oxidation reduction potential (ORP), and cation and anion concentrations were measured. Water chemistry classification was carried out by using a Piper diagram and a Gibbs diagram. In the current study, statistical methods, combined with geochemical modeling and conventional plots, have been used to investigate groundwater and related geochemical processes in the Tabuk area of Saudi Arabia. Applications and calculations of hydrogeochemical parameters, specifically SAR, RSC, PI, CR, MH, Na%, KR, and HI, showed that 92.5% of the collected groundwater well samples are suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes after treatment processes.

Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in the Upper Piedmont Area of Haridwar, India

In this study, the suitability of groundwater quality for the purpose of drinking and irrigation was evaluated in the upper piedmont area of Haridwar, India. In this regard, inverse distance-weighted interpolation, water quality index (WQI), principal component analysis (PCA), piper trilinear diagram (PTD) analysis, and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) methods were used to assess the geospatial variation of groundwater quality. The results showed that groundwater was partially affected by rapid industrialization and urbanization practices. The groundwater quality revealed the presence of different cations and anions in the following order: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3– > NO3– > SO42– > Cl– > SiO2– > F–. WQI showed an excellent range (29.94–45.17) for sampling sites S1–S3 and S5–S8 and a good value for site S4 (99.2). In addition, PTD confirmed that the calcium and magnesium bicarbonate type and mixed type for groundwater while PCA revealed that nitrate was dominant at site S4. In addition, the SAR and Na contents were in excellent ranges, indicating their suitability for irrigation purposes. The outcomes of this study indicated that geogenic and anthropogenic processes were the major reasons for the change in groundwater quality of this region.

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER IN THE AYANFURI AREA: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND IRRIGATION

The study of groundwater and surface water in the Ayanfuri area of the Central Region of Ghana has been carried out using hydrochemical analysis and geochemical modelling to determine its suitability for human consumption and irrigation purposes. A total of 77 samples were collected from community boreholes, observation boreholes, Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) boreholes, and streams and analyzed for geochemical parameters. Sodium is the dominant cation for all the sampling sites except for TSF boreholes which are calcium-dominated. Also, the dominant anion is bicarbonate for all sampling sites, except for streams that are sulphate-dominated. The hydrochemical facies in the sampling sites are Na-Mg-HCO3 (54.55%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (23.08%), Na-Mg-HCO3 (22.22%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (22.86%) representing community boreholes, observation boreholes, TSF borehole, and streams, respectively. Water-rock interaction, atmospheric precipitation patterns, ion exchange reactions, and breath dissolution/erosion of plagioclase feldspars serve as the mechanisms influencing the chemical composition of the various water sampling sites. The geochemical modelling reveals the signatures of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum as the main mineral phases. From the water quality guidelines of WHO and WQI classifications, the water is suitable for consumption purposes. Also, the results of the sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, and magnesium hazard indicate that the water in the study area is suitable for irrigation purposes.

Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Our objective is to evaluate adequacy of water for consumption and irrigation. We collected nineteen water samples from 21 to 26, May 2017. Twenty-two physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were taken into account, electrical conductivity, pH, total hardness, bicarbonate, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total coliforms, Escherichia Coli, and fecal coliforms. To evaluate water intended for consumption, average values measured parameters were compared to [1] for quality water drinking and we evaluated overall quality of water by means of simplified SEQ-Water grid. Concerning irrigation water, evaluation is based on interpretation of quality parameters of irrigation water that we have calculated; among these parameters we can mention the percentage of sodium, rate of sodium absorption, ratio of magnesium adsorption, residual sodium carbonate. Kelly ratio, Corrosivity ratio and Permeability Index. Results show that surface water is weakly mineralized compared to groundwater and presents a good chemical quality; however, it is slightly altered by presence of organic pollutants. The overall assessment of groundwater quality shows that about 47% of water sampled varies between average quality and very poor quality for consumption. This poor quality is mainly due to presence of nitrates in water, whose content sometimes exceeds the limit authorized by [1]. From a bacteriological point of view, germs of faecal origin such as Total Coliforms, Escherichia Coli and Faecal Coliforms contaminate all groundwater points sampled. They are of poor quality and unfit for human consumption without prior treatment. We also evaluated the quality of water used for irrigation using 6 parameters. The results show that all of our water points are suitable for irrigation, according to the values of CSR and Kelly ratio. The same is true for the permeability index, which shows that all samples fall into class I and II type to indicate their suitability for irrigation purposes. According to [2] all waters are excellent quality for agriculture; and for Richard diagram, 89.5% of waters are generally suitable for irrigation and 10% are generally not suitable for irrigation without prior dilution with low salinity water.

Phytoremediation of aquaculture wastewater using Azolla pinnata and evaluation of its suitability for irrigation purpose

Phytoremediation of aquaculture wastewater using Azolla pinnata and evaluation of its suitability for irrigation purpose

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE USING GIS AND IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY INDICES

As a major source of water for irrigation, the evaluation and assessment of groundwater to ensure it meets the quality for sustainable agriculture is key. This research presents the findings of the quality of groundwater and its suitability for irrigation purposes. This was carried out using the irrigation water quality indices and the Geographic Information System (GIS). The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method of the GIS was used to study the spatial distribution of these indices. Indices considered include Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Percentage Sodium (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly Ratio (KR), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Total Hardness (TH), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC) and Potential Salinity (PS). The values obtained were SAR (0.00 to 10.99, mean of 3.43), Percentage Sodium (26.00% to 94.42%, mean of 70.33%), Permeability Index (94.14% to 379.47%, mean of 161.45%), Kelly Ratio (0.00 to 8.62, mean of 3.19) and Magnesium Hazard (0.00% to 80.33 %, mean of 39.21%). Total Hardness (12.49 mg/L to 77.50 mg/L, mean of 31.35 mg/L), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (-0.55 meq/L to 5.46 meq/L, mean of 1.41 meq/L), Potential Salinity (0.88 meq/L to 2.53 meq/L, mean of 1.69 meq/L) and Electrical Conductivity (110µS/cm to 910µS/cm, mean of 277.14µS/cm). The computed water indices when compared with known standards show that the groundwater from the study area is generally fit and can be applied for irrigation purposes.

Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Quality and their Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in Odisha, Eastern India

The study was conducted during the pre-monsoon period in April-May 2019 to monitor the quality of different water sources for assessing their suitability for irrigation purposes in Odisha state of eastern India. Twenty-seven surface water and twenty-one groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for chemical parameters. The suitability of the surface and groundwater for irrigation were evaluated based on pH, residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Adjusted SAR (Adj. SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR), Chloride (Cl-), boron (B), nitrate (NO3-), iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). Results showed that three rivers, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Bansadhara, were found medium salinity (EC 0.25-0.75 dSm-1), and all the rivers have no sodicity problem with RSC within the permissible limit of 2.5 meqL-1 and free of chloride and boron toxicity. All the surface water samples were safe with respect to Zn (2 mgL-1), Cu (0.2 mgL-1), Fe (5 mgL-1), Mn (0.2 mgL-1) and Cr (0.1 mgL-1). Four rivers were exceeded the maximum permissible limit of Cd. All the groundwater samples were found below the toxicity level and safe concerning Cl-, NO3-, B, Zn (2 mgL-1), Cu (0.2 mgL-1), Fe (5 mgL-1), Mn (0.2 mgL-1) and Cr (0.1 mgL-1) where Cd content of three sources exceeded the MPL (OUAT Agronomy Farm 0.011 mgL-1, Putibandh of Sambalpur 0.011 mgL-1 and Rourkela 0.010 mgL-1). Results depicted that all the surface water samples collected from nine different rivers are of good quality and suitable for irrigation purpose except for some specific limitations. Among all the groundwater sources, groundwaters of the Putibandh area in Sambalpur district are found very poor in quality and unsuitable for irrigation.

Evaluation of seasonal groundwater quality variations and its suitability for irrigation purpose in Karimnagar district

The ground water quality of Karimnagar district was carried out during pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2020 for irrigation purpose. Assessment of ground water quality in Karimnagar district was undertaken to study the physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of ground water and classified according to USSL (1954) classification for irrigation suitability. About 53 ground water samples were collected from different villages in Karimnagar district of Telangana state to study the physico-chemical and chemical parameters like pH, EC, cations, anions, SAR and RSC with the help of standard methods. Changes in water quality during study period was analysed and represented in terms of percent of samples in pie diagrams. The mean values of pH, EC, SAR and RSC are 7.25, 0.93 dS m-1, 1.33 2.62 me L-1during pre-monsoon and 7.47, 1.12 dS m-1, 1.56, 4.45 me L-1 during post-monsoon respectively. 34%, 17% of samples fall under Medium salinity water (C2) and 66%, 83% of samples under high salinity water (C3) During pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. 9.43%, 5.7% of samples under non- alkaline water (A0), 7.55%, 5.7% samples under low alkalinity water, whereas 18.78%, 5.7% samples under medium alkalinity water (A3), 64.20%, 83% of samples under high alkalinity water (A4) during pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. All the samples are low sodium hazardous and suitable for irrigation in both seasons.

INVESTIGATION OF HYDROCHEMICAL DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER IN COASTAL BLOCKS OF TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT, TAMILNADU, INDIA

This paper presents the behaviour of cation and anion in samples of water collected from the coastal blocks of Tiruvallur District, Tamilnadu, India. 13 physiochemical parameters are investigated on the uniformly collected groundwater samples. It is revealed that fifty percentage of groundwater samples surpassed water quality levels pertaining to drinking and irrigation. In this investigation, descriptive statistical analysis is performed to understand groundwater characteristics. The hydro-chemical dynamics of groundwater are evaluated using graphical plots Piper, Wilcox, and Gibbs. Through the Piper plot, it is concluded that high concentrations of sodium would induce cation exchange between Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the soil. This may lead to the acceleration of air and water circulation through the soil in wet conditions. The inference of the Piper plot is supported by end result of Gibbs plot. Gibbs plot indicates evaporation dominance of anthropogenic activities, while Wilcox plot clearly indicates groundwater’s suitability for irrigation purposes. Moreover, the cation concentration is seen to be high on the eastern portion of the chosen area. The level of groundwater treatment should be adequately determined for potable purposes and for agricultural purposes as the study concludes the intrusion of saline water, rock water interaction and irrigation flows.

Integrated Hydroecological Monitoring of Watercourses in Zuya River Basin

The results of a comprehensive agroecological assessment of the main watercourses of the Zuya river basin are presented. Studies were conducted in 2017–2020 and included: conducting a visual survey, measuring water consumption, assessing the qualitative characteristics of runoff, including phytotesting and determining its suitability for irrigation purposes. It was determined that the main pollutants of the watercourses were sulphates, phosphates, heavy metals. The assessment of salt composition of water resources has shown that they are mostly suitable for irrigation without restriction. However, according to the results of phytotesting, an inhibitory effect was recorded, which indicates a possible decrease in the yield of crops sensitive to water-contained pollutants. The water balance calculations showed the presence of a shortage of water resources in the Zuya river basin. The environmental situation on the surveyed water bodies was identified as unfavorable. The set of priority environmental measures includes: the creation of a permanent monitoring network, the arrangement of settlements with water disposal systems, the inventory of small water storage facilities and the implementation of the required repair and operational work on them, and the optimization of the number of water users.

Irrigation with Coal Mining Effluents: Sustainability and Water Quality Considerations (São Pedro da Cova, North Portugal)

Two water effluents that drain from the abandoned coal mine of São Pedro da Cova (NW Portugal) were characterized in terms of their physic-chemical properties and suitability for irrigation purposes. Samples were also collected in a local surface stream, upstream and downstream from the mine drainage points, also used for irrigation by local farmers. Water samples were analyzed for major and minor ions and for trace element concentrations. Sampling campaigns started in 2017 and ended in 2019 and there were 46 water quality parameters tested. There were also proposed all-inclusive indices (the Water Quality Index and the Contamination Index, and also the Trace Element Toxicity Index) based on specific groups of 18 and 17 physic-chemical parameters, respectively, to achieve adequate monitoring requirements for mine effluents and surface water from coalfield. From the physical and chemical aspects of mine water it is inferred that the mine is not producing acid mine drainage. The coal mine water is of medium to high salinity, having almost neutral pH and a high thermal stability during the year, which is a distinguishing feature of the effluents. When compared to international irrigation water quality standards, as Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations admissible concentrations, the impacted waters are unsuitable for irrigation. The major outliers to the guidelines were iron, manganese, potassium, magnesium and bicarbonates, being also detected carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cost-effective ways of monitoring water quality parameters are needed to help control and manage the impact of coal mine effluents that should be treated before releasing into a ditch system that could be then used by local farmers to irrigate their crops.

WITHDRAWN: Study of hydro chemical parameters of surface water for the irrigation purposes and its visualization using Google earth pro and Bhuvan earth

Surface water is an important source of water in agriculture. Google Earth Pro is a computer application software that provides a three dimensional Earth presentation based on satellite imagery. Google Earth Pro's thematic maps relate to agricultural, water, disaster, and processed satellite data. It also provides visualization and earth observation services to users in public. Bhuvan is an Indian web-based benefit that permits users to survey a group of map-based content prepared by an Indian space research organization. The present study is conducted to evaluate the hydrochemical parameters of surface water in a few tanks of the Ramanathapuram block and its suitability for irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected from 10 minor irrigation tanks to investigate the water quality parameters. The collected samples are stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C and tested within the week. The hydrochemical parameters including pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrate, Chlorides, Sulphates, Phosphates, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Hardness, and Sodium adsorption ratio are tested in the laboratory and results are arrived. The results are imported in Google earth pro and Bhuvan earth to visualize the parameters. Except for hardness and magnesium all other parameters tested are within the range and near the standard values. Hardness value exceeds the standard value recommended for the irrigation purpose only because of an increase in the concentration of magnesium. Hence the water should be treated before supplying to the field for reducing hardness and magnesium.

Hydrogeochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater quality of hard rock aquifers from Deccan trap basalt in Western India

In the present investigation, hydrogeochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater quality were assessed from hard rock aquifers of the Deccan trap basalt in the Jalna district of Maharashtra. Groundwater samples (n = 105) were collected from the study area in a systematic grid pattern to avoid biasing in sampling. Water quality parameters of all these groundwater samples were analyzed by standard BIS and APHA procedures by titrimetric and using sensors. Uranium in all samples was analyzed using an LED fluorimeter. Strict quality assurance and quality control features were adopted in all stages of the study to ensure the quality of the data. The observed sequence of the dominance of major cations and anions is Ca2+  > Na+ > Mg2+  > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− respectively. The observed uranium values were in the range of 0.1 to 16.2 µg/L with an average value of 2.04 µg/L, well below the safe limits recommended by WHO and AERB i.e. 30 and 60 µg/L, respectively. Piper trilinear diagram indicates dominant hydrochemical facies of groundwater in the study area are Mixed Ca2+–Na+–HCO3−, Na+–Cl− and Ca+–HCO3− while Gibbs plot infers host rock-water interaction is the major geochemical process in these aquifers. The correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis tests are performed. Groundwater was assessed for its suitability for irrigation purposes using multiple indices such as SAR, RSC, and Na percentage. From the estimated indices, it was found that the groundwater in hard rock aquifers of the Deccan trap basalt is suitable for irrigation purposes.

Spatial and seasonal variability in the water chemistry of Kabar Tal wetland (Ramsar site), Bihar, India: multivariate statistical techniques and GIS approach.

This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of major ions in water samples of a newly designated Ramsar site, namely Kabar Tal (KT) wetland of Bihar. Samples were collected during summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. The analytical and GIS results show that concentration of electrical conductivity, chloride, and nitrate are higher in summer than monsoon and winter. However, the concentration of major cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are higher in winter than monsoon and summer. In addition, major anions like sulphate and phosphate concentration is higher during monsoon than summer and winter. Multivariate statistical tool (discriminant analysis) results suggest that temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate, and potassium are the major parameters distinguishing the water quality in different seasons. The study confirms that seasonal variations are playing a major role in the hydrochemistry of KT wetland. Overall, this work outlines the approach towards proper conservation and utilization of wetlands and to assess the quality of surface water for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. Overall, this work highlights the approach towards estimating the seasonal dynamics of chemical species in KT wetland and its suitability for irrigation purposes.

Investigating suitability of treated wastewater for agriculture in Hawassa, Sidama region, Ethiopia

This study is based on the quality of wastewater from Hawassa University surroundings, which was assessed to determine its suitability for irrigation purposes during 2019. Grab samples of influent and the treated water were taken for assessing for quality parameters. The study revealed that the treated water could be used for irrigation purpose with some moderate restrictions. Even though Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) permit to irrigate fruit trees and fodder crops, there is a risk of soil degradation due to high value of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). Results also indicated that carbonate, potassium and phosphate exceeded the specified limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Despite increased nutritive elements, continuous use of treated sewage water for irrigation will make the soil acidic. Analysis of soil parameters indicated that there is an increase in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrient levels considerably to benefit crop production but increase in soil EC is a serious concern.&#x0D; Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 59-65, December 2020

Irrigation Water Susceptibility Indexing Method, Using Pesticide DRASTIC and Water Quality Index, for Basara Basin; Kurdistan Region-Iraq

The increasing use of chemical fertilizers, with spreading industrial and urbanization activities in the whole area of the Basara basin expected to affect the quantity and quality of water from these sources of pollutants. The main aim of this research revolves around the integration of the intrinsic vulnerability Index (VI) through applying the pesticide DRASTIC method, with the irrigation quality index, to assess the irrigation susceptibility Index (SI) for the basin. The quality of groundwater for its suitability for irrigation purposes was measured by its hydro-chemical parameters in this research. Thirty-one water samples were collected in the studied area during the post-monsoon period of the year 2018. Samples have been tested for both physical and chemical parameters. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used for this assessment. The results indicate that water movement directions of streams, the geological formation of aquifers, land slope, and contamination sources have a great impact on water quality, vulnerability, and susceptibility index. The pesticide DRASTIC map categorizes the basin into five classes as (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high). Results show that the most vulnerable area to pollution is those that used for intensive agricultural and industrial sectors, besides the areas with high permeability and lands with minimum surface slopes which are intensively used as cultivated areas. The results indicate that the incorporation of both hydrogeological and hydro-chemical datasets enables more realistic evaluations than those of an individual dataset to estimate the groundwater contamination susceptibility of an aquifer. This work offers the decision-makers a clear photo of the quality of irrigation water and the area most vulnerable to contamination. This will be used as the basis for future research to mitigate the effects of vulnerable areas and to establish a new groundwater management strategy in the basin.